Planting a tree seems simple enough, right? Dig a hole, pop in the sapling, and watch it grow. However, the path to a thriving tree is paved with potential pitfalls. Improper planting is a major cause of tree death, often stemming from well-intentioned but ultimately detrimental actions. This guide delves into the common mistakes people make when planting trees, ensuring your green investment flourishes for generations.
Choosing the Wrong Tree for the Wrong Place
One of the most significant errors occurs before you even break ground: selecting an unsuitable tree species for your environment. Ignoring factors like climate, soil type, and available space is a recipe for disaster.
Ignoring Climate and Hardiness Zones
Trees have specific climate requirements. Planting a tree that can’t tolerate your region’s temperature extremes is a guaranteed failure. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map provides crucial information, indicating the average minimum winter temperatures in different regions. Choosing a tree suited to your zone ensures it can survive the coldest months. Planting a Zone 7 tree in Zone 5, for example, exposes it to temperatures it simply isn’t built to withstand. Always check the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map before selecting your tree.
Neglecting Soil Type and Drainage
Soil is the foundation of a tree’s life. Different trees thrive in different soil types – some prefer well-drained sandy soil, while others tolerate clay. Soil pH (acidity or alkalinity) is also a critical factor. Conduct a soil test to determine your soil’s composition and pH level. This simple step will reveal whether your soil is suitable for your chosen tree, or if amendments are necessary. Poor drainage is a common problem, leading to root rot. Ensure the planting site doesn’t become waterlogged after rain.
Overlooking Available Space
Trees grow, often much larger than people anticipate. Planting a large tree species too close to buildings, power lines, or other structures will inevitably lead to problems. Roots can damage foundations and underground utilities, while branches can interfere with overhead lines and obstruct views. Consider the mature size of the tree when selecting a planting location. Give it ample space to spread its branches and roots without causing harm to its surroundings.
The Perils of Improper Planting Techniques
Even with the right tree in the right location, improper planting techniques can doom it. Focus on proper hole preparation, root management, and initial care.
Digging the Wrong Size Hole
The adage “bigger is better” doesn’t always apply, but it’s often true for planting holes. A hole that’s too small restricts root growth, while a hole that’s too deep can lead to root suffocation. The ideal hole should be at least twice as wide as the root ball, but only as deep as the distance from the top of the root ball to the point where the trunk flares out. The trunk flare, where the trunk widens at the base, should always be visible above the soil line. This prevents the trunk from being buried, which can cause rot.
Mishandling the Roots
The roots are the lifeline of a tree. Damaging them during planting significantly reduces its chances of survival.
Root Bound Trees
Many container-grown trees have root systems that are tightly circling the inside of the pot – a condition known as “root bound.” If left uncorrected, these circling roots will continue to grow in a circular pattern, eventually girdling the tree and restricting nutrient uptake. Before planting, gently loosen the root ball and prune any circling or girdling roots. Tease the roots apart to encourage them to grow outwards into the surrounding soil. For severely root-bound trees, consider making several vertical cuts along the root ball to sever the circling roots.
Bare Root Trees
Bare root trees, trees sold without soil around their roots, require special handling. Keep the roots moist at all times before planting. Soak them in water for a few hours before planting to rehydrate them. Spread the roots out evenly in the planting hole, ensuring they are not tangled or cramped.
Damaging the Root Ball
Handle the root ball of balled-and-burlapped trees with care. Avoid dropping or dragging it, as this can damage the delicate roots. When placing the tree in the hole, carefully remove any twine or burlap that is constricting the trunk. However, leave the burlap around the root ball intact; it will eventually decompose.
Planting Too Deep or Too Shallow
Planting too deep is a common and often fatal mistake. Burying the trunk flare deprives the roots of oxygen and promotes rot. Conversely, planting too shallow exposes the roots to air and can lead to dehydration. The ideal depth is to have the trunk flare slightly above the surrounding soil level. After planting, the top of the root ball should be even with or slightly above the existing grade.
Compacting the Soil
Soil compaction restricts root growth and reduces water infiltration. Avoid compacting the soil around the tree when backfilling the planting hole. Gently tamp the soil to remove air pockets, but don’t pack it down too tightly. Add organic matter, such as compost, to improve soil structure and drainage.
Neglecting Post-Planting Care
Planting is just the first step. Neglecting ongoing care can undo all your hard work.
Improper Watering
Watering is crucial, especially during the first few years after planting. However, overwatering is just as harmful as underwatering. Water deeply and less frequently, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings. The frequency of watering will depend on the weather and soil conditions. Use a soaker hose or drip irrigation to deliver water directly to the root zone.
Insufficient Mulching
Mulch is a tree’s best friend. It helps retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as wood chips or shredded bark, around the base of the tree, keeping it a few inches away from the trunk to prevent rot. A mulch layer of 2-4 inches is ideal. Avoid piling mulch against the trunk, creating a “mulch volcano,” which can trap moisture and encourage pests and diseases.
Ignoring Staking and Pruning
Staking provides support for newly planted trees, especially in windy areas. However, staking should be temporary. Remove the stakes after one year to allow the tree to develop a strong root system. Pruning can help shape the tree and remove any dead or damaged branches. However, avoid excessive pruning, as this can weaken the tree. Focus on removing crossing or rubbing branches to improve air circulation.
Failing to Protect from Pests and Diseases
Newly planted trees are vulnerable to pests and diseases. Monitor your tree regularly for signs of infestation or disease. Early detection is key to successful treatment. Consult with a local arborist or extension agent for advice on pest and disease control. Consider using tree guards to protect the trunk from rodents and other animals.
Forgetting Fertilization
While not always necessary, fertilization can give newly planted trees a boost. However, avoid fertilizing at the time of planting. Wait until the tree has established itself before applying fertilizer. Use a slow-release fertilizer formulated for trees. Follow the instructions on the fertilizer label carefully.
Common Tree Planting Mistakes to Avoid
To summarize, here is a quick reference of mistakes to avoid:
- Ignoring the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone.
- Failing to assess soil type and drainage.
- Underestimating the mature size of the tree.
- Digging a hole that is too small or too deep.
- Neglecting to address root-bound conditions.
- Planting the tree too deep or too shallow.
- Compacting the soil around the root ball.
- Overwatering or underwatering.
- Creating a “mulch volcano”.
- Leaving stakes on for too long.
- Ignoring signs of pests or diseases.
- Improperly pruning the tree.
- Forgetting to fertilize, if needed, after establishment.
By avoiding these common mistakes, you can ensure your newly planted tree thrives and provides beauty and benefits for years to come. Remember to research your chosen tree species, prepare the planting site carefully, and provide ongoing care.